An Intelligent Approach On Data Extraction And Task...

Lu Lu 11/28/2016 IE594 Process Mining Paper Reading Project An intelligent approach to data extraction and task identification for process mining Abstract This report is for IE594 Process Mining paper reading project. The selected paper was published in Information Systems Frontiers on December 2015. This report introduces the proposed intelligent approach of leveraging relevant process documents to data extraction and task identification from this paper. First of all, by using text mining techniques they analyzed those process documents. Results were used to identify the most relevant database tables for process mining. The key contribution of their approach is formalizing data extraction and task identification by using sequence kernel techniques. Their approach can help to reduce the effort and to increase the accuracy of data extraction and task identification for process mining. For the illustration purpose, a business expense imbursement case was used. In addition, the criticism of this study was discussed at the end. 1. Introduction Process mining has received tremendous attention in recent years. Process mining techniques allow for extracting information from event logs. It discovers models describing processes, organizations, and performance. Traditional process analyses are extremely labor-intensive and time-consuming because extracting useful information from massive event logs generated by various enterprise information system. Process miningShow MoreRelatedThe For Data Extraction Problem Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pagesorder, which can help process analysts quickly identify a set of attributes for data extraction. 3.3 Task identification Process lexicon discovered from process documents in the previous step can be further analyzed to discover a list of tasks in the processes. However, extracting correct relations among the process components is a difficult problem. Given the fact that task identification requires text mining to discover linguistic patterns for tasks. They define a task as a triple consistingRead MoreResearch Topics On Web Mining3383 Words   |  14 Pages RESEARCH ISSUES IN WEB MINING Dr.S. Vijayarani1 and Ms. E. Suganya2 1Assistant Professor, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India 2 M.Phil Research Scholar, Computer science and Engineering, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India 1vijimohan_2000@yahoo.com 2elasugan1992@gmailRead MoreResearch Topics On Web Mining3326 Words   |  14 Pages RESEARCH ISSUES IN WEB MINING ABSTRACT Web is a collection of inter-related files on one or more web servers while web mining means extracting valuable information from web databases. Web mining is one of the data mining domains where data mining techniques are used for extracting information from the web servers. The web data includes web pages, web links, objects on the web and web logs. Web mining is used to understand the customer behaviour, evaluate a particularRead MoreKnowledge Discovery And Data Mining9834 Words   |  40 PagesKnowledge Discovery and Data Mining are rapidly evolving areas of research that are at intersection of multiple application areas and approaches. Today no field either it belongs to computer or not, knowledge discovery is required. The loss prediction, cost estimation, identification of market moves are the common application areas where knowledge discovery is essential. Knowledge discovery is not an individual process, instead it is the combination of various session data operatio ns that are appliedRead MoreKnowledge Management and Decision Support System6463 Words   |  26 PagesDecision Support Systems 31 Ã… ½2001. 127–137 www.elsevier.comrlocaterdsw Knowledge management and data mining for marketing Michael J. Shaw a,b,c,) , Chandrasekar Subramaniam a , Gek Woo Tan a , Michael E. Welge b c Department of Business Administration, UniÕersity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), UniÕersity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA Beckman Institute, UniÕersity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, RoomRead MoreMultimedia Data And Its Essential Characteristics3302 Words   |  14 PagesAbstract Multimedia data mining is a popular research domain which helps to extract interesting knowledge from multimedia data sets such as audio, video, images, graphics, speech, text and combination of several types of data sets. Normally, multimedia data are categorized into unstructured and semi-structured data. These data are stored in multimedia databases and multimedia mining is used to find useful information from large multimedia database system by using various multimedia techniques andRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Data Mining3115 Words   |  13 PagesABSTRACT Data mining has popular technology for extracting interesting information for multimedia data sets, such as audio, video, images, graphics, speech, text and combination of several types of data set. Multimedia data are unstructured data or semi-structured data. These data are stored in multimedia database, multimedia mining which is used to find information from large multimedia database system, using multimedia techniques and powerful tools. The current approaches and techniques are explainedRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Multimedia Data3142 Words   |  13 PagesABSTRACT Multimedia data mining is a popular research domain which helps to extractinteresting knowledge from multimedia data sets such as audio, video, images, graphics, speech, text and combination of several types of data sets. Normally, multimedia data are categorized into unstructured and semi-structured data. These data are stored in multimedia databases and multimedia mining is used to find useful information from large multimedia database system by using various multimedia techniques andRead MoreA Comprehensive Analysis Of Data Warehouse And Olap Technology Essay3829 Words   |  16 PagesCOMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS ON DATA WAREHOUSE AND OLAP TECHNOLOGY WITH ITS SPECIAL CONTRIBUTION IN BANKING SECTOR OF INDIA à ¤ ¡Ã  ¥â€¡Ã  ¤Å¸Ã  ¤ ¾ à ¤ µÃ  ¥â€¡Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ °Ã  ¤ ¹Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤â€°Ã  ¤ ¸Ã  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤â€" à ¤â€Ã  ¤ ° à ¤â€œÃ  ¤ ²Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ª à ¤ ªÃ  ¥ Ã  ¤ °Ã  ¥Å'à ¤ ¦Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¹Ã  ¤â€"à ¤ ¿Ã  ¤â€¢Ã  ¥â‚¬ à ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ ¾ à ¤ ­Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ °Ã  ¤ ¤Ã  ¥â‚¬Ã  ¤ ¯ à ¤ ¬Ã  ¥Ë†Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤â€¢Ã  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤â€šÃ  ¤â€" à ¤â€¢Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ·Ã  ¥â€¡Ã  ¤ ¤Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ° à ¤ ®Ã  ¥â€¡Ã  ¤â€š à ¤ µÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¶Ã  ¥â€¡Ã  ¤ · à ¤ ¯Ã  ¥â€¹Ã  ¤â€"à ¤ ¦Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ¨ à ¤ ªÃ  ¤ ° à ¤ Ã  ¤â€¢ à ¤ µÃ  ¥ Ã  ¤ ¯Ã  ¤ ¾Ã  ¤ ªÃ  ¤â€¢ à ¤ µÃ  ¤ ¿Ã  ¤ ¶Ã  ¥ Ã  ¤ ²Ã  ¥â€¡Ã  ¤ ·Ã  ¤ £ LOCATION a) Organization/ Department where the work is to be done: Banking sector b) Geographical Area of Investigation: India â€Æ' IMPORTANCE/RATIONALE OF PROPOSED INVESTIGATION A data warehouse is a very large database system that collects, summarizes, and stores data from multiple remoteRead MoreDocument Analysis Using Latent Semantic Indexing With Robust Principal11097 Words   |  45 Pageswould like to acknowledge Director of Study Dr. Daming Shi, My Second Supervisor: Dr. David Windridge , and Dr. George Dafoulas Abstract There are numerous data mining techniques have been developed and used recently in text documents. Using and update discovered a pattern effectively is still an open research topic, especially in the text mining area. Measuring the similarity between documents is an important operation in the text processing field. Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) will be adapted to

Management & Leadership Business Research

Question: Discuss about theManagement Leadershipfor Business Research. Answer: Introduction Today organizations have realized the importance of effective leaders at top position. Therefore, it is important that organizations should have effective leaders that can take the important decision for organizations. It is also important that leaders should be able to understand the cultural barriers. The need of cultural barriers increases for the organizations that have to operate in a multicultural environment. It is expected that organizational would not only look for managers but also for leaders that can actually make a difference in the organization. The business research topic for this research work is to understand the differences between management and leaders for multinational organizations. The literature suggests that it is very possible and desirable for organization to want and desire a leader and manager to be one person. A manager oversees and monitors, and maintains the day-to-day operation. A leader on the other hand has vision, directs and helps others move toward the change process. A leader takes on more reasonability, to ensure that the mission and values are aligned with the organization and upheld within the change process. Managers are administrators, and leaders are visionaries (Pluknette, 2014). There are many challenges that a leader may be faced with. For example, being respected and to be liked, balancing the needs of the organization and the needs of people, and maintaining focus. A manager may be faced with many things, and some similar to leaders. A manager may be faced with, bringing out the best in their employees, responding to a crisis, and continuous improvement. One of the biggest challenges that a leader may encounter is resistance. One of t he biggest challenges that a manager may encounter is lack of employee support, involvement and motivation. Many organizations have rigorous training programs to ensure that all managers and leaders can manage and lead effectively to benefit the organization. Organizations have put forth a conscious effort to combine or create a management and leadership position. Providing the proper training and tool to allow successful and effective management and leadership. This research would focus on the differences between management and leadership. The research would also focus on the impact of effective leadership for multinational organizations (Coviello, 2015). The specific research questions of this research work can be discussed as below: Research Questions What are the key differences between management and leadership? What is the impact of effective leadership strategies on business operations of multinational organizations? What kind of leadership strategy suits well for the multinational organizations that operate at a global level? Research Methodologies Techniques Miao, Newman, Huang (2014) describe the need to lead in a participatory leadership fashion creating trust in two areas; emotional and cognitive focus. Emotional trust relates to the relationship and behaviors between the leaders and the subordinate with a genuine care between the two. Cognitive trust refers to work related issues, building confidence, capabilities, reliabilities and integrity. When the leaders encompass both and strengthen employee trust the work product will increase with the effectiveness of the employee. As a leader there are always challenges and success (Hubbard Lindsay, 2013). Challenges that could arise for a leader related to the four functions of management of planning, organizing, leading and controlling. The research would start an initial hypothesis of null hypothesis. The initial hypothesis of this research work can be discussed as: Research Hypothesis The initial research hypothesis of this research work is that effective leadership in an organization improves the organizational productive levels. This research work has one independent variable and one dependent variable (MacKinnon Coxe, 2012). The dependent and independent variables for this research work can be discussed as: Independent variable: The effectiveness of leaders at top position within global and multinational organizations Dependent variable: The employee productivity is the dependent variable in this case. It is crucial that researcher should have a strong understanding of assumptions and limitations as these limitations acts as the boundary of the research work. The assumptions of this research work can be discussed as: Assumptions / Limitations This research would be done for large and multinational organizations. These are the organizations that have a global presence. The large and global organizations are selected for this research work, as it is easy to get the data for large organizations as compared to small organizations. This research work focus on the top and senior position of leaders within the organization. The research methods would be a combination of primary research and secondary research. These methods can be discussed in detail as below: Primary Research Methods The first step of the primary research is to have a sample size. For this research work, stratified sampling method would be used. There would be three strata or three groups (Harrison, 2013). There would be close to 35 people in each of the group. The total sample size for this research work would be 100. The participants in each of three strata or groups can be described as: Group 1/ Strata 1: The employees who work in multinational organizations Group 2/ Strata 2: The management or leaders in multinational organizations Group 3/ Strata 3: The people from board of directors The primary research would use quantitative research methods. An online questionnaire would be developed to collect the responses from people. The questionnaire would have close to 20 questions. Secondary Research Methods The secondary research would be completed through literature review. The literature review would also be a critical part of this research work. The sources from the literature would be used to complete the research. A number of studies have been published in the area of employee motivation and employee productivity (Erickson, 2012). As a part of literature review the peer review journals would be used. There are lot of articles and research in the library database and these articles would be a great source of information. This process for this research work can be discussed as: Research Process There would be five key phases of this research work. The various phases of the research can be discussed as: Problem Identification phase The problem identification phase would be the first phase of this research work. This research would focus to understand the differences between management and leaders for multinational organizations. Background Study and Research Questions formulation There are three key research questions in this research. These questions are: What are the key differences between management and leadership? What is the impact of effective leadership strategies on business operations of multinational organizations? What kind of leadership strategy suits well for the multinational organizations that operate at a global level? Secondary Research The secondary research would be mainly focused on literature review. The insights from the existing literature would be used to complete the secondary research for this research work (Massis Kotlar, 2014). Data Collection and Data Analysis The data collection and data analysis would follow the stages of primary research and secondary research. The data collected through primary research would be quantitative and the data collected through secondary research would be mainly qualitative in nature (Pickard, 2013). The tools like SPSS and Microsoft Excel could also be used to analyze the data. The raw data would be compiled to get meaningful insights. Results Conclusion The results and conclusion would be the last section of the research work. In this phase, the focus of the researcher would be to develop the research report and share the results with required stakeholders. Data Collection Analysis Methods The data collection and data analysis would follow the stages of primary research and secondary research. The data collected through primary research would be quantitative and the data collected through secondary research would be mainly qualitative in nature (Pickard, 2013). The tools like SPSS and Microsoft Excel could also be used to analyze the data. The raw data would be compiled to get meaningful insights. Expected Research Outcome It is expected that with this research work, the researcher would be able to establish the relationship between leadership skill at senior position and organizational productivity. References Coviello, N. (2015). Re-thinking research on born globals. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(1), 17-26. De Massis, A., Kotlar, J. (2014). The case study method in family business research: Guidelines for qualitative scholarship. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 5(1), 15-29. Erickson, F. (2012). Qualitative research methods for science education. In Second international handbook of science education (pp. 1451-1469). Springer Netherlands. Harrison, R.L., 2013. Using mixed methods designs in the Journal of Business Research, 19902010. Journal of Business Research, 66(11), pp.2153-2162. Hubbard, R., Lindsay, R. M. (2013). From significant difference to significant sameness: Proposing a paradigm shift in business research. Journal of Business Research, 66(9), 1377-1388. MacKinnon, D. P., Coxe, S., Baraldi, A. N. (2012). Guidelines for the investigation of mediating variables in business research.Journal of Business and Psychology,27(1), 1-14. Miao, Q., Newman, A., Huang, X. (2014). The impact of participative leadership on job performance and organizational citizenship behavior: Distinguishing between the mediating effects of affective and cognitive trust.The International Journal Of Human Resource Management,25(20), 2796-2810. Plucknette, D. (2014). 4 differences between managers and leaders. Plant Engineering, 68(10), 16-18.

“Language Lies at the Root of That Transformation of the Environment That We Call Civilization.” How Is Language Encouraged in the Montessori Environment Essay Example

â€Å"Language Lies at the Root of That Transformation of the Environment That We Call Civilization.† How Is Language Encouraged in the Montessori Environment Essay Language is a mean of communication, delivering ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized sounds and signs, thus, being the spoken and written language. It is part of the human tendencies to want to communicate with others and this could underlie the emergence of language. Montessori said, â€Å"To talk is the nature of man. † Humans needed language in order to communicate, and soon, the powers that come with language revealed. The evolution of the human language began when communication was done through pictograms and drawings. It then developed into ideograms when pictures began to turn into symbols. Later, these symbols became words, words involved letters, vowels emerged, one symbol came to represent one sound, and an alphabet was created, and then came the alphabet we now use today. And just as language evolved hundreds of thousands of years ago, it also changes with each generation. Unneeded words are dropped and new words come into use. Language rose and continues to rise with the collective intelligence. This also marked the civilisation of mankind. Language differentiates a community from one another but at the time it also unites and binds human being of different races together through a common language. Content Language is the ability to understand speech and a desire to convey one’s feelings and thoughts. It is through communication that human beings are able to cooperate with each other to solve common problems. It is through communication based on written and oral language in particular that each generation has passed on its accumulating wisdom to the next. â€Å"Language, we may say, grow with human thought†. Maria Montessori, The Absorbent Mind, p109) The learning of language is truly the child’s most remarkable intellectual achievement and is amazingly accomplished rapidly in a very short time span. â€Å"By merely living and without any conscious effort the individual absorbs from the environment even a complex cultural like language† (Elizabeth G. Hainstock, The Essential Montessori, pg. 8 1) Based on Montessori’s observation, the various periods of the child’s life show the same stages in the level reached and this applied to all the children throughout the world, this applied to the acquisition of language in the child. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Language Lies at the Root of That Transformation of the Environment That We Call Civilization.† How Is Language Encouraged in the Montessori Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Language Lies at the Root of That Transformation of the Environment That We Call Civilization.† How Is Language Encouraged in the Montessori Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Language Lies at the Root of That Transformation of the Environment That We Call Civilization.† How Is Language Encouraged in the Montessori Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She found out that the child is first interested with humans voice, follow by repeating the same syllable, then words are spoken of more than one syllable, then the whole syntax and grammar seem to be grasped, gender and number, case, tense and mood. The child begins this work in the darkness of the subconscious mind, and here it develops and fixes itself permanently. Though it seems as a mystery, the child takes a lot of practices to connect the physical and psychic abilities. Maria Montessori observed that the sensitive period of language is the longest one which is from birth to age 6: 1. Birth age 1: the child is sensitive to sounds; listening and watching and then started with single syllable, imitating sound and pointing to objects in the attempt to communicate. If the child is taught sign language, he may be able to use signs to communicate at the tender age of 10 months, way before he develops speech. 2. Age 1 age 2: the child is sensitive to words; begins using simple words. He responds to simple then complex commands. Understand about 200 words. 3. Age 2 3 and up: the childs vocabulary increases tremendously (from approximately 300 to 1000 words). . Age 4- this is the sensitive time for writing. 5. Age 4 and a half to 5 the child starts to classify words and reading. 6. Age 5 to 6 sensitive to the study of parts of speech and word usage. At the beginning of the child’s sensitive period to language, he explores his surroundings with his tongue and hands, and through these, the child absorbs the qualities of objects in his environment and seeks to act upon it. He wants to know the name of every object that he sees and touches and mimic words said by the adults around him. Montessori concluded that the tongue which man uses for speaking and the hand, which he employs for work, are intimately connected. This sensibility is transitory and once gone it will never return. The language explosive happens and erupts in the child’s powers of expression and it continues well after the age of two. After two and a half years old, which marks the borderline of man’s mental formation, begins a new period in organizing the language and this continues to develop without explosion, learn many new words and perfects his sentence formation. At six years old, a child has learnt to speak correctly according to the rules of his mother tongue. And all these work is done by no one, but the child himself. Research has been made that in comparison with the adults’ ability to learn, the adults need sixty years of hard work to do it where a child does it in three. Therefore, it is particularly important that the adults give assistant where necessary for the development of language in a child, by exposing him to good grammar sentences and wide vocabularies to feed his absorbent mind during this sensitive period. Though a child works effortlessly in the acquisition of language, however, he does need a suitable environment. So, in cases where the child is not spoken to, like the boy of Aveyron, the child does not develop speech. Maria Montessori pointed out that during the Sensitive Period of language, the child must be exposed to language or it will not develop. Montessori â€Å"considered the job of education not to fill the child with the techniques of reading but to free him or self-expression and communication†. Paula Polk Lillard, A Modern Approach, pg. 123) The mind needs language in order to connect thoughts to the environment. Montessori’s methods make full use of the child’s sensitive period of language by creating an environment that aids this development. In the Montessori environment, the child is constantly exposed to information, through formal lessons, conversations and games; preparing him and thus, making it possible for the child to start creative writin g and reading at a young age. The child can freely express himself thus able to grow up happily and confidently. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gettman, David Basic Montessori St Martin’s Press New York, 1987 Paula Polk Lillard Montessori: A Modern Approach Schocken, 1988 Britton, Lesley Montessori Play Learn Vermilion, 1992 Montessori, Maria The Secret Of Childhood Balantine, 1972 Montessori, Maria, The Discovery Of the Child Clio Press Oxford, 200

Distance Learning Survival Guide

Distance Learning Survival Guide Free Online Research Papers Using Axia’s Education Resources A distance learning environment is obviously different than what we are used to growing up. However it is not much different than what we settle for when doing research or looking up useless information. Although most of us a very familiar with using the internet it is imperative we completely understand the system and options available by Axia College University of Phoenix. Like every college or university there will be research required as well as common skills associate with using a computer such as, Microsoft PowerPoint and using search engines. Getting familiar with the student platform is a must. The four main things that I find to be important are: knowing how to use the classroom platform, knowing how to utilize the library correctly to be most effective, using the Center for Writing or Center for Mathematics, and other great tools such as the Plagiarism Checker. Being familiar on how to get into and around the class is vital. Not posting an assignment in the correct location can dictate the grade for that student. If posted in the wrong forum one day a student can loose points for handing in late, which can effect the score when the class comes to an end. Using the library is also very important, students should realize that the library is not just a search engine such a Google or Ask.com, the way a person searches for a specific article can determine the outcome. Moreover, there are certain options which not allow certain writing works to come up. For example, if a student checks the option to only see Scholarly (Pre viewed) Journals. Other educational resources provided by Axia College is the tutorials which can teach a lot, with either little or no experience at all the tutorials help master a certain computer skill. Upholding Academic Honesty In my opinion this is one of the most important things that Axia College students are required to have. With the opportunity to learn in a distance learning environment we as students must understand that we will learn as long as we put forth the effort. As we all know plagiarism is a real crime. In a distance learning environment students might be tempted use the easy way out instead of actually doing the work. However, the best way to learn is to do the work. I find it to be very rewarding, when as a writer, completing a writing assignment. Setting and Achieving Goals For some including myself just by starting college is already achieving a goal. Whether the goal is short term or long term it is important we all have goals. In the society and competitiveness we live in today it would be insane to not have any goals. Throughout my first nine weeks with Axia College, I have been able to complete some short term goals, as well as work on a long term goal, and a bit of a life long goal that I have. Setting realistic goals are also very important, an person must grasp the idea that goals are achievable but must be realistic. Setting goals and achieving them is what thrives our nation and fellow citizens. I found it that the satisfaction of achieving a hard worked goal is the greatest feeling in the world. Managing Time Wisely To me managing time wisely is significantly important to our day-to-day lives. We Axia students chose a distance learning environment because of the advantages of being able to take care of our busy schedules while attending school. It gives the opportunity to juggle work and family as well as getting an education. Time can be broken down from years to months to weeks to days to hours and even minutes. I have planned that I will complete a certain amount of classes in the next two years. With each set of classes I will break down the nine weeks and worry about one week at a time. During each week I understand that an assignment is due for two classes. Managing my time daily at work can make it easier to put more time my school work. While doing my school work managing time between the two classes and the different assignments will make it easier for me to juggle my life and other important things that still need to happen on my daily schedule. Fostering Reading Comprehension and Retention While taking this class I have been to develop good reading skills and improve others. Even though that this is my first set of college classes I was not surprised by how much reading was required. With reading comes knowledge and understanding, as a student, I feel glad and fortunate to have the reading skills I have and to be able to learn more. It is important that a student becomes conscious of the good things that are an effect of reading. In addition to learning from the material being read, reading can also help a person with memory. The more that is read, the more material and data a person can remember the more knowledge the individual will. Applying Personality and Learning Styles As we all know, everybody is different in several ways. Everybody learns, teaches, and remembers things in different ways. It is advantage to attend a distance learning because study habits and settings can be set by the student. A student who learns better with a lot of outside noise can set the way he or she wishes to do spend the study time. While attending Axia College, I found it easier to do my work while having a television set or radio on. Reason being, it made me concentrate more on the reading. If I try to read in silence I find myself wandering and loosing my place in the text. Research Papers on Distance Learning Survival GuideStandardized TestingThe Mechanics of Grading Grading SystemsThe Hockey GameHip-Hop is ArtThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

The main cause of collapsing of the Bretton woods system Essay

The main cause of collapsing of the Bretton woods system - Essay Example re of the system was a promise each country made to all that their monetary policies would keep the currency of the country close to a fixed value (within 1%) to gold. The IMF would have the authority to close temporary payment imbalances between countries and would monitor the fiscal activities of other nations. While the system worked well for several years, it collapsed in 1971 once the United States pulled out from the gold standard (Bird, 1994). The simplest cause of failure in economic terms is that the system was useful for the time it was created but it was far too optimistic of the creators of the systems that all other things would remain the same. Without a doubt, economic realties change for us on a daily basis even though the majority of economic activity can be explained by the process of supply and demand. The creators of the system thought that the system would be large enough to control and contain market forces and economic systems but they learnt quickly that while market forces take the upper hand to established systems. While the final cause of failure was the American pullout from the system, the foundations were being weakened long before the event. The first change was the monetary interdependence which countries faced with respect to each other and the convertibility of the Japanese Yean and the Western European countries. This made it possible for banks and monetary organizations to take part in large financial transactions further adding to the financial interdependence of various countries (Cooper & Sneddon, 2001). Banks are able to make huge transfers of capital from one country to another for investment and lending purposes but that money can also be used for currency speculation. In the Bretton Woods system, exchange rates were more or less fixed and countries were hesitant in revaluing their currencies (Bird, 1994). Speculators could therefore convert large sums of money from a soft to a hard currency hoping to gain value when the

Computer Crimes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer Crimes - Research Paper Example Consumers have their own personal data and they have their own personal communication taking place on the computer through the internet. Computer viruses and hacking programs tend to affect all these innocent victims and they become helpless in all these situations. They lose their confidential data and at times many organizations may lose their back up data and end up in many official and organizational level problems. Credit transaction information can be hacked easily by professional hackers and it causes huge losses to the consumers, companies and as well as government agencies. Government agencies have their own official transactions taking place on the computers and they transfer their information through the internet as well. When these various types of computer crimes are taking place it affects the government and at times may affect the country as well. All these innocent victims tend to get targeted in a serious manner when computer crimes are taking place. There are many computer manufacturing companies that are operating around us. These computer companies while manufacturing the computers are not able to develop programs that may protect the computers from the hackers. The hackers are always up with new types of programs and viruses that tend to affect the computer users and cause a lot of damage to them. The computer manufacturers are not able to have programs that show evidence of tracking down the hackers in a fast mode. It is extremely difficult to trace the hackers from where they have operated the viruses or hacked the computers of all the innocent people and organizations. The computer manufacturers are not able to develop programs that can protect their valuable users from the various computer crimes that are taking place in the society. Any user that is using the computer and the internet are prone to be attacked by hackers and various types of viruses. The antivirus

Print versus Online Journalism Essay Example for Free

Print versus Online Journalism Essay In almost any part of the world, the journalists are the people who deliver to us the daily news, significant events, updates, celebrity scoops, and other bits of information. Traditionally, journalists obtain their news through extensive research, interviews, and leg work among others. After hours, days, or even weeks of research, journalists then write and craft their pieces which eventually land on the front page of the newspapers. This sequence of actions is called print journalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, due to the rise of technology, people are now able to publish stories and articles on the Internet. Life stories, opinions, and other information can be aired and accessed by people through websites such as blog sites and social networking sites, among others. This new form of posting information resulted in what is now known as online journalism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Print and online journalism are both similar and different from each other in a lot of ways. There basic point of similarity is that they both contain information that is accessible by the public. This information may include daily news stories, sports updates, business news, health news.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the main difference between the two is that in print journalism, these stories are published in broadsheet newspapers, magazines, and tabloids, among others, while in online journalism, the news and other information is basically published solely in websites. Usually, the information given by both forms of journalism may be accessed through subscriptions. However, certain newspapers, such as the New York Times, can be accessed online for free.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, compared to print journalism, online information is easily accessed. People simply have to connect to the Internet and view the web page that contains their desired information. On the other hand, printed information in the newspapers and magazines are bought in stores and magazine stands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, possibly the most important difference between the two is how journalism is practiced. The practice of conventional journalism, without a doubt, requires critical analysis, logical thinking, mastery or knowledge of grammar, and most of all, commitment to the truth. This is usually the case with people who are involved in print journalism, most especially, the ones writing for established and highly credible newspapers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, in online journalism, except perhaps for the websites of major dailies, most websites are not edited and proofread properly which results in erroneous or inaccurate information and grammatically incorrect sentences or phrases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, the most important and most notable difference between the two is that online journalism lacks that true essence journalism per se as compared to print journalism where people know and have possibly mastered the fundamentals such as grammar, style, and logical construction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, a majority of people involved in online journalism are not actually journalists by profession. These so-called â€Å"online journalists† may not have undergone proper training so technically they do not have the authority and capability that print journalists have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Over-all, it can be said that online journalism is not journalism at all and is only a term that spawned from the boom of technology as compared to print journalism which follows traditional practices of   journalism.